ABSTRACT
Aim of this article is to provide an overview of modifiable and nonmodifiable factor in the development of Nosocomial Infections (NIs) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).Endotracheal tube intubation/Mechanical ventilation is a lifesaving invasive procedure which is associated with their own potential complications, like ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), sepsis, Ventilator associated-tracheo-bronchitis(VAT), acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, Barotrauma and pulmonary edema, which can occur among the patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Among the above listed complication, Neonatal sepsis is the most common and VAP is the second most common encountered Nosocomial infection, which account for the most of the morbidity and mortality in the NICUs and ventilated patients. PubMed, Embase and google scholar have been searched for the articles meeting our criteria,total fourteen articles have been used. Neither any alterations or modifications nor any Software’s were used in this article. In some recent research article and literature, some strategy have been mentioned, which are resulting in better control of Nosocomial infection due to ventilator or endotracheal tube intubation. Gram-negative bacteria are most prevalent in the developing countries and Gram-positive in the developed countries, Klebsiella pneumonia, E. coli and staphylococcus aureus are the most common reason for NIs. Increasing number of NIs and multidrug resistance bacteria are matter of concern for Neonatologist around the world.
ABSTRACT
Effects of three ions, Mn2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ on biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by a functional strain Xhhh were investigated. Through orthogonal tests, Cu2+ was determined to be the most important factor influencing Xhhh biodegradation performance. Biodegradation kinetic experiments demonstrated that with Cu2+concentration at about 2.00 mg l-1, the maximum of specific growth rate and specific degradation rate were obtained to be 0.033 and 0.075 d-1, respectively. The optimal levels of Mn2+ (5.00 mg l-1), Cu2+ (2.00 mg l-1) and Zn2+ (5.00 mgl -1) were achieved based on experimental results of their effects on the activities of manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase, and biodegradation kinetic parameters. Among three types of biodegradation kinetic models (Monod, Tessier and Contois), Tessier model was found most reasonable for kinetics description of Xhhh growth (R2 = 0.995) and pollutants degradation (R2 = 0.970) in the case of metals optimization. Both kinetics evaluation and experimental results demonstrated that optimization with the three metals made a great contribution to Xhhh growth and COD removal for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.
ABSTRACT
The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 is a multifunctional protein which is not only an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) but also to have a possible "cytokine-like" action. Here, we first compared mRNA expression of TIMP-1 and MMP-9 in BEL-7402 (a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line), L-02 (a normal liver cell line) and QSG-7701 (a cell line derived from peripheral tissue of liver carcinoma) using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. By evaluating the variation of the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio as an index of reciprocal changes of the expression of the two genes, we observed that the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was about 13- and 5-fold higher in BEL-7402 than in L-02 and QSG-7701, respectively. Significantly, overexpression of TIMP-1 decreased the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in BEL-7402 and then inhibited the cell growth to 60 percent and reduced the migration to about 30 percent. Meanwhile, our data showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) (100 ng/mL) could also inhibited the cell growth of BEL-7402. Further studies indicated that TIMP-1 mediated the inhibitory effect of IL-6 on BEL-7402 cell proliferation in a STAT3-dependent manner, which could further accelerate the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. A dominant negative STAT3 mutant totally abolished IL-6-induced TIMP-1 expression and its biological functions. The present results demonstrate that TIMP-1 may be one of the mediators that regulate the inhibitory effect of IL-6 on BEL-7402 proliferation in which STAT3 signal transduction and p21 up-regulation also play important roles.